To this final end, faecal metabolites were extracted through the faecal examples and measured by 1H NMR spectroscopy. it really is still unclear what molecule(s) created by/produced from commensal microbes stimulate(s) mucosal IgA creation. Prebiotics are thought as food things that are non-digestible and nonabsorbable in the top gastrointestinal tract and which enhance the condition from the sponsor through selective excitement from the development of probiotic bacterias.13 Fructooligosaccharide (FOS) is a well-known prebiotic which has anti-tumor,14 infection-protective15 and allergy-preventive results16 in the sponsor through hostCmicrobial crosstalk in the gut. The effect of FOS intake for the intestinal IgA response continues to be extensively researched in mouse versions. The concentration of IgA in the top and small intestines is significantly increased with FOS intake.17 Furthermore, the number of B220+ IgA+ cells in Peyer’s patches is significantly increased, and the level of secretory component and SIgA in the ileal gut lumen is elevated. It has also been shown that FOS intake enhances production of cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-5, IL-6 and interferon-, in Peyer’s patches; these cytokines can induce IgA production through their effects on CD4+ helper T cells, which further increases the amount of IgA in the mucosa.18 In humans, ulcerative colitis patients supplemented with and oligofructose-enriched inulin showed improvement in the clinical features of chronic inflammation,19 and daily intake of oligofructose and inulin significantly decreased Crohn’s disease activity.20 Supplementation with FOS has also been shown to support the growth of species, accompanied by an increase in T lymphocytes.21 Some studies have also reported a tendency for prebiotics-treated individuals to have higher faecal SIgA levels.22,23 Although commensal microbiota have been implicated in the FOS-induced production of IgA, evaluation of the gut microbial ecosystem is not an easy task, mainly due to its highly complex composition and the large individual difference among human subjects. 22 We have developed a meta-analysis platform based on a multi-dimensional profiling technique to evaluate gut environmental changes, including hostCmicrobial crosstalk.24 In order to understand the molecular mechanisms for the induction of IgA production in human subjects by FOS supplementation through gut microbes and/or their metabolite(s), we applied the multivariate microbeCmetabolite correlation analysis LP-533401 combined with faecal IgA secretion of the host to evaluate the inter- and intraindividual changes in the gut ecosystem occurring with FOS supplementation. Here, we show a significant correlation LP-533401 of faecal IgA content with microbial composition and metabolites, and further implicate the likely involvement of particular metabolites in FOS-induced IgA secretion. 2.?Materials and methods 2.1. Faecal sample collection Seven volunteers including three males and four females (20C30 year olds) from different families in Japan participated in this study (Supplementary Table S1). All subjects were informed of the purpose of this study. This study was approved by the ethical committee of RIKEN, and written consent was obtained from all subjects. All subjects had LP-533401 no LP-533401 medical history of gastrointestinal or metabolic diseases, nor had they had special dietary habits or restrictions, herbal supplements, probiotics or antibiotics within at least 1 month before the sampling. For 1 week, the volunteers ate FOS, 10 g twice a day (Meioligo W, Meiji Kabusiki Kaisya). Faecal sampling was performed at least twice during each period (before FOS intake, during FOS intake and after FOS intake). Faecal samples from each individual were immediately frozen on collection and stored at ?80C before analysis. 2.2. Measurement of faecal IgA by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay Faecal samples were lyophilized by using VD-800R lyophilizer (VD-800R, Tokyo, Japan) for 24 h. Freeze-dried faeces were ground with 3.0-mm Zirconia Beads (Biomedical Science, Tokyo, Japan) using a Shake Master (Biomedical Science) for 10 min. About 10 mg of faecal samples were measured and suspended into 300 l of phosphate-buffered saline buffer containing proteinase inhibitor cocktail tablets: complete EDTA-free (Roche Applied Science, USA), and homogenized for 1 min. The homogenate was centrifuged at 17,800 for 15 min at 4C, and the supernatant was collected and frozen at ?20C. The amount of faecal IgA was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). To measure total IgA, the wells of LP-533401 a Rabbit Polyclonal to FOXC1/2 Maxisorp immunoplate (Nunc, Roskilde, Denmark) were coated with goat anti-mouse IgA (A90-103A, Bethyl Laboratories, Inc., USA). After blocking of unoccupied sites on the plastic with bovine serum albumin, the test samples and standard mouse IgA.